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<!DOCTYPE html> <html> <!-- Created by GNU Texinfo 7.1, https://www.gnu.org/software/texinfo/ --> <head> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"> <!-- This manual is for GNU time command for running programs and summarizing the system resources they use. version UNKNOWN Copyright © 1991-2018 Free Software Foundation, Inc. Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU Free Documentation License". --> <title>Measuring Program Resource Use</title> <meta name="description" content="Measuring Program Resource Use"> <meta name="keywords" content="Measuring Program Resource Use"> <meta name="resource-type" content="document"> <meta name="distribution" content="global"> <meta name="Generator" content="makeinfo"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"> <link href="#Top" rel="start" title="Top"> <link href="#Concept-index" rel="index" title="Concept index"> <link href="#SEC_Contents" rel="contents" title="Table of Contents"> <link href="#Resource-Measurement" rel="next" title="Resource Measurement"> <style type="text/css"> <!-- a.copiable-link {visibility: hidden; text-decoration: none; line-height: 0em} a.summary-letter-printindex {text-decoration: none} div.center {text-align:center} div.display {margin-left: 3.2em} div.example {margin-left: 3.2em} pre.display-preformatted {font-family: inherit} span.r {font-family: initial; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal} span:hover a.copiable-link {visibility: visible} td.printindex-index-entry {vertical-align: top} td.printindex-index-section {vertical-align: top; padding-left: 1em} th.entries-header-printindex {text-align:left} th.sections-header-printindex {text-align:left; padding-left: 1em} ul.mark-bullet {list-style-type: disc} ul.toc-numbered-mark {list-style: none} --> </style> </head> <body lang="en"> <div class="top-level-extent" id="Top"> <div class="nav-panel"> <p> Next: <a href="#Resource-Measurement" accesskey="n" rel="next">Measuring Program Resource Use</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <h1 class="top" id="Time"><span>Time<a class="copiable-link" href="#Time"> ¶</a></span></h1> <p>This file documents the the GNU <code class="code">time</code> command for running programs and summarizing the system resources they use. Version UNKNOWN </p> <div class="element-contents" id="SEC_Contents"> <h2 class="contents-heading">Table of Contents</h2> <div class="contents"> <ul class="toc-numbered-mark"> <li><a id="toc-Measuring-Program-Resource-Use" href="#Resource-Measurement">1 Measuring Program Resource Use</a> <ul class="toc-numbered-mark"> <li><a id="toc-Setting-the-Output-Format" href="#Setting-Format">1.1 Setting the Output Format</a></li> <li><a id="toc-The-Format-String" href="#Format-String">1.2 The Format String</a> <ul class="toc-numbered-mark"> <li><a id="toc-Time-Resources-1" href="#Time-Resources">1.2.1 Time Resources</a></li> <li><a id="toc-Memory-Resources-1" href="#Memory-Resources">1.2.2 Memory Resources</a></li> <li><a id="toc-I_002fO-Resources-1" href="#I_002fO-Resources">1.2.3 I/O Resources</a></li> <li><a id="toc-Command-Info-1" href="#Command-Info">1.2.4 Command Info</a></li> </ul></li> <li><a id="toc-Redirecting-Output" href="#Redirecting">1.3 Redirecting Output</a></li> <li><a id="toc-Examples-1" href="#Examples">1.4 Examples</a></li> <li><a id="toc-Accuracy-1" href="#Accuracy">1.5 Accuracy</a></li> <li><a id="toc-Running-the-time-Command" href="#Invoking-time">1.6 Running the <code class="code">time</code> Command</a></li> </ul></li> <li><a id="toc-Reporting-bugs-1" href="#Reporting-bugs">2 Reporting bugs</a></li> <li><a id="toc-GNU-Free-Documentation-License-1" href="#GNU-Free-Documentation-License">Appendix A GNU Free Documentation License</a></li> <li><a id="toc-Concept-index-1" href="#Concept-index" rel="index">Concept index</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <hr> <div class="chapter-level-extent" id="Resource-Measurement"> <div class="nav-panel"> <p> Next: <a href="#Reporting-bugs" accesskey="n" rel="next">Reporting bugs</a>, Previous: <a href="#Top" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Time</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Time</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <h2 class="chapter" id="Measuring-Program-Resource-Use"><span>1 Measuring Program Resource Use<a class="copiable-link" href="#Measuring-Program-Resource-Use"> ¶</a></span></h2> <a class="index-entry-id" id="index-time"></a> <a class="index-entry-id" id="index-time-1"></a> <a class="index-entry-id" id="index-time-2"></a> <a class="index-entry-id" id="index-measurement"></a> <p>The <code class="code">time</code> command runs another program, then displays information about the resources used by that program, collected by the system while the program was running. You can select which information is reported and the format in which it is shown (see <a class="pxref" href="#Setting-Format">Setting the Output Format</a>), or have <code class="code">time</code> save the information in a file instead of displaying it on the screen (see <a class="pxref" href="#Redirecting">Redirecting Output</a>). </p> <p>The resources that <code class="code">time</code> can report on fall into the general categories of time, memory, and I/O and IPC calls. Some systems do not provide much information about program resource use; <code class="code">time</code> reports unavailable information as zero values (see <a class="pxref" href="#Accuracy">Accuracy</a>). </p> <p>The format of the <code class="code">time</code> command is: </p> <div class="example"> <pre class="example-preformatted">time <span class="r">[</span>option...<span class="r">]</span> <var class="var">command</var> <span class="r">[</span><var class="var">arg</var>...<span class="r">]</span> </pre></div> <a class="index-entry-id" id="index-resources"></a> <p><code class="code">time</code> runs the program <var class="var">command</var>, with any given arguments <var class="var">arg</var>…. When <var class="var">command</var> finishes, <code class="code">time</code> displays information about resources used by <var class="var">command</var>. </p> <p>Here is an example of using <code class="code">time</code> to measure the time and other resources used by running the program <code class="code">grep</code>: </p> <div class="example"> <pre class="example-preformatted">eg$ time grep nobody /etc/aliases nobody:/dev/null etc-files:nobody misc-group:nobody 0.07user 0.50system 0:06.69elapsed 8%CPU (0avgtext+489avgdata 324maxresident)k 46inputs+7outputs (43major+251minor)pagefaults 0swaps </pre></div> <p>Mail suggestions and bug reports for GNU <code class="code">time</code> to <code class="code">bug-time@gnu.org</code>. Please include the version of <code class="code">time</code>, which you can get by running ‘<samp class="samp">time --version</samp>’, and the operating system and C compiler you used. </p> <ul class="mini-toc"> <li><a href="#Setting-Format" accesskey="1">Setting the Output Format</a></li> <li><a href="#Format-String" accesskey="2">The Format String</a></li> <li><a href="#Redirecting" accesskey="3">Redirecting Output</a></li> <li><a href="#Examples" accesskey="4">Examples</a></li> <li><a href="#Accuracy" accesskey="5">Accuracy</a></li> <li><a href="#Invoking-time" accesskey="6">Running the <code class="code">time</code> Command</a></li> </ul> <hr> <div class="section-level-extent" id="Setting-Format"> <div class="nav-panel"> <p> Next: <a href="#Format-String" accesskey="n" rel="next">The Format String</a>, Up: <a href="#Resource-Measurement" accesskey="u" rel="up">Measuring Program Resource Use</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <h3 class="section" id="Setting-the-Output-Format"><span>1.1 Setting the Output Format<a class="copiable-link" href="#Setting-the-Output-Format"> ¶</a></span></h3> <p><code class="code">time</code> uses a <em class="dfn">format string</em> to determine which information to display about the resources used by the command it runs. See <a class="xref" href="#Format-String">The Format String</a>, for the interpretation of the format string contents. </p> <p>You can specify a format string with the command line options listed below. If no format is specified on the command line, but the <code class="code">TIME</code> environment variable is set, its value is used as the format string. Otherwise, the default format built into <code class="code">time</code> is used: </p> <div class="example"> <pre class="example-preformatted">%Uuser %Ssystem %Eelapsed %PCPU (%Xtext+%Ddata %Mmax)k %Iinputs+%Ooutputs (%Fmajor+%Rminor)pagefaults %Wswaps </pre></div> <p>The command line options to set the format are: </p> <dl class="table"> <dt><code class="code">-f <var class="var">format</var></code></dt> <dt><code class="code">--format=<var class="var">format</var></code></dt> <dd><p>Use <var class="var">format</var> as the format string. </p> </dd> <dt><code class="code">-p</code></dt> <dt><code class="code">--portability</code></dt> <dd><p>Use the following format string: </p> <div class="example"> <pre class="example-preformatted">real %e user %U sys %S </pre></div> <p>The default output format of time differs widely between implementations. This option (in its short form -p) is supported by all POSIX-compliant ’time’ implementations to retrieve basic information in the described format. </p> </dd> <dt><a id="index-format"></a><span><code class="code">-v</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-format"> ¶</a></span></dt> <dt><code class="code">--verbose</code></dt> <dd><p>Use the built-in verbose format, which displays each available piece of information on the program’s resource use on its own line, with an English description of its meaning. </p></dd> </dl> <hr> </div> <div class="section-level-extent" id="Format-String"> <div class="nav-panel"> <p> Next: <a href="#Redirecting" accesskey="n" rel="next">Redirecting Output</a>, Previous: <a href="#Setting-Format" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Setting the Output Format</a>, Up: <a href="#Resource-Measurement" accesskey="u" rel="up">Measuring Program Resource Use</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <h3 class="section" id="The-Format-String"><span>1.2 The Format String<a class="copiable-link" href="#The-Format-String"> ¶</a></span></h3> <a class="index-entry-id" id="index-format-1"></a> <a class="index-entry-id" id="index-resource"></a> <p>The <em class="dfn">format string</em> controls the contents of the <code class="code">time</code> output. It consists of <em class="dfn">resource specifiers</em> and <em class="dfn">escapes</em>, interspersed with plain text. </p> <p>A backslash introduces an <em class="dfn">escape</em>, which is translated into a single printing character upon output. The valid escapes are listed below. An invalid escape is output as a question mark followed by a backslash. </p> <dl class="table"> <dt><code class="code">\t</code></dt> <dd><p>a tab character </p> </dd> <dt><code class="code">\n</code></dt> <dd><p>a newline </p> </dd> <dt><code class="code">\\</code></dt> <dd><p>a literal backslash </p></dd> </dl> <p><code class="code">time</code> always prints a newline after printing the resource use information, so normally format strings do not end with a newline character (or ‘<samp class="samp">\n</samp>’). </p> <p>A resource specifier consists of a percent sign followed by another character. An invalid resource specifier is output as a question mark followed by the invalid character. Use ‘<samp class="samp">%%</samp>’ to output a literal percent sign. </p> <p>The resource specifiers, which are a superset of those recognized by the <code class="code">tcsh</code> builtin <code class="code">time</code> command, are listed below. Not all resources are measured by all versions of Unix, so some of the values might be reported as zero (see <a class="pxref" href="#Accuracy">Accuracy</a>). </p> <ul class="mini-toc"> <li><a href="#Time-Resources" accesskey="1">Time Resources</a></li> <li><a href="#Memory-Resources" accesskey="2">Memory Resources</a></li> <li><a href="#I_002fO-Resources" accesskey="3">I/O Resources</a></li> <li><a href="#Command-Info" accesskey="4">Command Info</a></li> </ul> <hr> <div class="subsection-level-extent" id="Time-Resources"> <div class="nav-panel"> <p> Next: <a href="#Memory-Resources" accesskey="n" rel="next">Memory Resources</a>, Up: <a href="#Format-String" accesskey="u" rel="up">The Format String</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <h4 class="subsection" id="Time-Resources-1"><span>1.2.1 Time Resources<a class="copiable-link" href="#Time-Resources-1"> ¶</a></span></h4> <dl class="table"> <dt><code class="code">E</code></dt> <dd><p>Elapsed real (wall clock) time used by the process, in [hours:]minutes:seconds. </p> </dd> <dt><code class="code">e</code></dt> <dd><p>Elapsed real (wall clock) time used by the process, in seconds. </p> </dd> <dt><code class="code">S</code></dt> <dd><p>Total number of CPU-seconds used by the system on behalf of the process (in kernel mode), in seconds. </p> </dd> <dt><code class="code">U</code></dt> <dd><p>Total number of CPU-seconds that the process used directly (in user mode), in seconds. </p> </dd> <dt><code class="code">P</code></dt> <dd><p>Percentage of the CPU that this job got. This is just user + system times divied by the total running time. </p></dd> </dl> <hr> </div> <div class="subsection-level-extent" id="Memory-Resources"> <div class="nav-panel"> <p> Next: <a href="#I_002fO-Resources" accesskey="n" rel="next">I/O Resources</a>, Previous: <a href="#Time-Resources" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Time Resources</a>, Up: <a href="#Format-String" accesskey="u" rel="up">The Format String</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <h4 class="subsection" id="Memory-Resources-1"><span>1.2.2 Memory Resources<a class="copiable-link" href="#Memory-Resources-1"> ¶</a></span></h4> <dl class="table"> <dt><code class="code">M</code></dt> <dd><p>Maximum resident set size of the process during its lifetime, in Kilobytes. </p> </dd> <dt><code class="code">t</code></dt> <dd><p>Average resident set size of the process, in Kilobytes. </p> </dd> <dt><code class="code">K</code></dt> <dd><p>Average total (data+stack+text) memory use of the process, in Kilobytes. </p> </dd> <dt><code class="code">D</code></dt> <dd><p>Average size of the process’s unshared data area, in Kilobytes. </p> </dd> <dt><code class="code">p</code></dt> <dd><p>Average size of the process’s unshared stack, in Kilobytes. </p> </dd> <dt><code class="code">X</code></dt> <dd><p>Average size of the process’s shared text, in Kilobytes. </p> </dd> <dt><code class="code">Z</code></dt> <dd><p>System’s page size, in bytes. This is a per-system constant, but varies between systems. </p></dd> </dl> <hr> </div> <div class="subsection-level-extent" id="I_002fO-Resources"> <div class="nav-panel"> <p> Next: <a href="#Command-Info" accesskey="n" rel="next">Command Info</a>, Previous: <a href="#Memory-Resources" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Memory Resources</a>, Up: <a href="#Format-String" accesskey="u" rel="up">The Format String</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <h4 class="subsection" id="I_002fO-Resources-1"><span>1.2.3 I/O Resources<a class="copiable-link" href="#I_002fO-Resources-1"> ¶</a></span></h4> <dl class="table"> <dt><code class="code">F</code></dt> <dd><p>Number of major, or I/O-requiring, page faults that occurred while the process was running. These are faults where the page has actually migrated out of primary memory. </p> </dd> <dt><code class="code">R</code></dt> <dd><p>Number of minor, or recoverable, page faults. These are pages that are not valid (so they fault) but which have not yet been claimed by other virtual pages. Thus the data in the page is still valid but the system tables must be updated. </p> </dd> <dt><code class="code">W</code></dt> <dd><p>Number of times the process was swapped out of main memory. </p> </dd> <dt><code class="code">c</code></dt> <dd><p>Number of times the process was context-switched involuntarily (because the time slice expired). </p> </dd> <dt><code class="code">w</code></dt> <dd><p>Number of times that the program was context-switched voluntarily, for instance while waiting for an I/O operation to complete. </p> </dd> <dt><code class="code">I</code></dt> <dd><p>Number of file system inputs by the process. </p> </dd> <dt><code class="code">O</code></dt> <dd><p>Number of file system outputs by the process. </p> </dd> <dt><code class="code">r</code></dt> <dd><p>Number of socket messages received by the process. </p> </dd> <dt><code class="code">s</code></dt> <dd><p>Number of socket messages sent by the process. </p> </dd> <dt><code class="code">k</code></dt> <dd><p>Number of signals delivered to the process. </p></dd> </dl> <hr> </div> <div class="subsection-level-extent" id="Command-Info"> <div class="nav-panel"> <p> Previous: <a href="#I_002fO-Resources" accesskey="p" rel="prev">I/O Resources</a>, Up: <a href="#Format-String" accesskey="u" rel="up">The Format String</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <h4 class="subsection" id="Command-Info-1"><span>1.2.4 Command Info<a class="copiable-link" href="#Command-Info-1"> ¶</a></span></h4> <dl class="table"> <dt><code class="code">C</code></dt> <dd><p>Name and command line arguments of the command being timed. </p> </dd> <dt><code class="code">x</code></dt> <dd><p>Exit status of the command. </p></dd> </dl> <hr> </div> </div> <div class="section-level-extent" id="Redirecting"> <div class="nav-panel"> <p> Next: <a href="#Examples" accesskey="n" rel="next">Examples</a>, Previous: <a href="#Format-String" accesskey="p" rel="prev">The Format String</a>, Up: <a href="#Resource-Measurement" accesskey="u" rel="up">Measuring Program Resource Use</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <h3 class="section" id="Redirecting-Output"><span>1.3 Redirecting Output<a class="copiable-link" href="#Redirecting-Output"> ¶</a></span></h3> <p>By default, <code class="code">time</code> writes the resource use statistics to the standard error stream. The options below make it write the statistics to a file instead. Doing this can be useful if the program you’re running writes to the standard error or you’re running <code class="code">time</code> noninteractively or in the background. </p> <dl class="table"> <dt><code class="code">-o <var class="var">file</var></code></dt> <dt><code class="code">--output=<var class="var">file</var></code></dt> <dd><p>Write the resource use statistics to <var class="var">file</var>. By default, this <em class="emph">overwrites</em> the file, destroying the file’s previous contents. </p> </dd> <dt><code class="code">-a</code></dt> <dt><code class="code">--append</code></dt> <dd><p><em class="emph">Append</em> the resource use information to the output file instead of overwriting it. This option is only useful with the ‘<samp class="samp">-o</samp>’ or ‘<samp class="samp">--output</samp>’ option. </p></dd> </dl> <hr> </div> <div class="section-level-extent" id="Examples"> <div class="nav-panel"> <p> Next: <a href="#Accuracy" accesskey="n" rel="next">Accuracy</a>, Previous: <a href="#Redirecting" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Redirecting Output</a>, Up: <a href="#Resource-Measurement" accesskey="u" rel="up">Measuring Program Resource Use</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <h3 class="section" id="Examples-1"><span>1.4 Examples<a class="copiable-link" href="#Examples-1"> ¶</a></span></h3> <p>Run the command ‘<samp class="samp">wc /etc/hosts</samp>’ and show the default information: </p> <div class="example"> <pre class="example-preformatted">eg$ time wc /etc/hosts 35 111 1134 /etc/hosts 0.00user 0.01system 0:00.04elapsed 25%CPU (0avgtext+0avgdata 0maxresident)k 1inputs+1outputs (0major+0minor)pagefaults 0swaps </pre></div> <p>Run the command ‘<samp class="samp">ls -Fs</samp>’ and show just the user, system, and wall-clock time: </p> <div class="example"> <pre class="example-preformatted">eg$ time -f "\t%E real,\t%U user,\t%S sys" ls -Fs total 16 1 account/ 1 db/ 1 mail/ 1 run/ 1 backups/ 1 emacs/ 1 msgs/ 1 rwho/ 1 crash/ 1 games/ 1 preserve/ 1 spool/ 1 cron/ 1 log/ 1 quotas/ 1 tmp/ 0:00.03 real, 0.00 user, 0.01 sys </pre></div> <p>Edit the file <samp class="file">.bashrc</samp> and have <code class="code">time</code> append the elapsed time and number of signals to the file <samp class="file">log</samp>, reading the format string from the environment variable <code class="code">TIME</code>: </p> <div class="example"> <pre class="example-preformatted">eg$ export TIME="\t%E,\t%k" #<span class="r"> If using bash or ksh</span> eg$ setenv TIME "\t%E,\t%k" #<span class="r"> If using csh or tcsh</span> eg$ time -a -o log emacs .bashrc eg$ cat log 0:16.55, 726 </pre></div> <p>Run the command ‘<samp class="samp">sleep 4</samp>’ and show all of the information about it verbosely: </p> <div class="example"> <pre class="example-preformatted">eg$ time -v sleep 4 Command being timed: "sleep 4" User time (seconds): 0.00 System time (seconds): 0.05 Percent of CPU this job got: 1% Elapsed (wall clock) time (h:mm:ss or m:ss): 0:04.26 Average shared text size (kbytes): 36 Average unshared data size (kbytes): 24 Average stack size (kbytes): 0 Average total size (kbytes): 60 Maximum resident set size (kbytes): 32 Average resident set size (kbytes): 24 Major (requiring I/O) page faults: 3 Minor (reclaiming a frame) page faults: 0 Voluntary context switches: 11 Involuntary context switches: 0 Swaps: 0 File system inputs: 3 File system outputs: 1 Socket messages sent: 0 Socket messages received: 0 Signals delivered: 1 Page size (bytes): 4096 Exit status: 0 </pre></div> <hr> </div> <div class="section-level-extent" id="Accuracy"> <div class="nav-panel"> <p> Next: <a href="#Invoking-time" accesskey="n" rel="next">Running the <code class="code">time</code> Command</a>, Previous: <a href="#Examples" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Examples</a>, Up: <a href="#Resource-Measurement" accesskey="u" rel="up">Measuring Program Resource Use</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <h3 class="section" id="Accuracy-1"><span>1.5 Accuracy<a class="copiable-link" href="#Accuracy-1"> ¶</a></span></h3> <a class="index-entry-id" id="index-error-_0028in-measurement_0029"></a> <p>The elapsed time is not collected atomically with the execution of the program; as a result, in bizarre circumstances (if the <code class="code">time</code> command gets stopped or swapped out in between when the program being timed exits and when <code class="code">time</code> calculates how long it took to run), it could be much larger than the actual execution time. </p> <p>When the running time of a command is very nearly zero, some values (e.g., the percentage of CPU used) may be reported as either zero (which is wrong) or a question mark. </p> <p>Most information shown by <code class="code">time</code> is derived from the <code class="code">wait3</code> system call. The numbers are only as good as those returned by <code class="code">wait3</code>. Many systems do not measure all of the resources that <code class="code">time</code> can report on; those resources are reported as zero. The systems that measure most or all of the resources are based on 4.2 or 4.3BSD. Later BSD releases use different memory management code that measures fewer resources. </p> <p>On systems that do not have a <code class="code">wait3</code> call that returns status information, the <code class="code">times</code> system call is used instead. It provides much less information than <code class="code">wait3</code>, so on those systems <code class="code">time</code> reports most of the resources as zero. </p> <p>The ‘<samp class="samp">%I</samp>’ and ‘<samp class="samp">%O</samp>’ values are allegedly only “real” input and output and do not include those supplied by caching devices. The meaning of “real” I/O reported by ‘<samp class="samp">%I</samp>’ and ‘<samp class="samp">%O</samp>’ may be muddled for workstations, especially diskless ones. </p> <hr> </div> <div class="section-level-extent" id="Invoking-time"> <div class="nav-panel"> <p> Previous: <a href="#Accuracy" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Accuracy</a>, Up: <a href="#Resource-Measurement" accesskey="u" rel="up">Measuring Program Resource Use</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <h3 class="section" id="Running-the-time-Command"><span>1.6 Running the <code class="code">time</code> Command<a class="copiable-link" href="#Running-the-time-Command"> ¶</a></span></h3> <p>The format of the <code class="code">time</code> command is: </p> <div class="example"> <pre class="example-preformatted">time <span class="r">[</span>option...<span class="r">]</span> <var class="var">command</var> <span class="r">[</span><var class="var">arg</var>...<span class="r">]</span> </pre></div> <a class="index-entry-id" id="index-resources-1"></a> <p><code class="code">time</code> runs the program <var class="var">command</var>, with any given arguments <var class="var">arg</var>…. When <var class="var">command</var> finishes, <code class="code">time</code> displays information about resources used by <var class="var">command</var> (on the standard error output, by default). If <var class="var">command</var> exits with non-zero status or is terminated by a signal, <code class="code">time</code> displays a warning message and the exit status or signal number. </p> <p>Options to <code class="code">time</code> must appear on the command line before <var class="var">command</var>. Anything on the command line after <var class="var">command</var> is passed as arguments to <var class="var">command</var>. </p> <dl class="table"> <dt><code class="code">-o <var class="var">file</var></code></dt> <dt><code class="code">--output=<var class="var">file</var></code></dt> <dd><p>Write the resource use statistics to <var class="var">file</var>. </p> </dd> <dt><code class="code">-a</code></dt> <dt><code class="code">--append</code></dt> <dd><p><em class="emph">Append</em> the resource use information to the output file instead of overwriting it. </p> </dd> <dt><code class="code">-f <var class="var">format</var></code></dt> <dt><code class="code">--format=<var class="var">format</var></code></dt> <dd><p>Use <var class="var">format</var> as the format string. </p> </dd> <dt><code class="code">--help</code></dt> <dd><p>Print a summary of the command line options to <code class="code">time</code> and exit. </p> </dd> <dt><code class="code">-p</code></dt> <dt><code class="code">--portability</code></dt> <dd><p>Use the POSIX format. </p> </dd> <dt><a id="index-format-2"></a><span><code class="code">-v</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-format-2"> ¶</a></span></dt> <dt><code class="code">--verbose</code></dt> <dd><p>Use the built-in verbose format. </p> </dd> <dt><a id="index-version-number"></a><span><code class="code">-V</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-version-number"> ¶</a></span></dt> <dt><code class="code">--version</code></dt> <dd><p>Print the version number of <code class="code">time</code> and exit. </p></dd> </dl> <hr> </div> </div> <div class="chapter-level-extent" id="Reporting-bugs"> <div class="nav-panel"> <p> Next: <a href="#GNU-Free-Documentation-License" accesskey="n" rel="next">GNU Free Documentation License</a>, Previous: <a href="#Resource-Measurement" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Measuring Program Resource Use</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Time</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <h2 class="chapter" id="Reporting-bugs-1"><span>2 Reporting bugs<a class="copiable-link" href="#Reporting-bugs-1"> ¶</a></span></h2> <a class="index-entry-id" id="index-bug-reporting"></a> <a class="index-entry-id" id="index-problems"></a> <a class="index-entry-id" id="index-reporting-bugs"></a> <p>To report bugs, suggest enhancements or otherwise discuss GNU Datamash, please send electronic mail to <a class="email" href="mailto:bug-time.org">bug-time.org</a>. </p> <a class="index-entry-id" id="index-checklist-for-bug-reports"></a> <p>For bug reports, please include enough information for the maintainers to reproduce the problem. Generally speaking, that means: </p> <ul class="itemize mark-bullet"> <li>The version numbers of Datamash (which you can find by running ‘<samp class="samp">time --version</samp>’<!-- /@w -->) and any other program(s) or manual(s) involved. </li><li>Hardware and operating system names and versions. </li><li>The contents of any input files necessary to reproduce the bug. </li><li>The expected behavior and/or output. </li><li>A description of the problem and samples of any erroneous output. </li><li>Options you gave to <code class="command">configure</code> other than specifying installation directories. </li><li>Anything else that you think would be helpful. </li></ul> <p>When in doubt whether something is needed or not, include it. It’s better to include too much than to leave out something important. </p> <a class="index-entry-id" id="index-patches_002c-contributing"></a> <p>Patches are welcome; if possible, please make them with ‘<samp class="samp">diff -c<!-- /@w --></samp>’ (see <a data-manual="diff" href="diff.html#Top">Overview</a> in <cite class="cite">Comparing and Merging Files</cite>) and include <samp class="file">ChangeLog</samp> entries (see <a data-manual="emacs" href="https://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/manual/html_mono/emacs.html#Change-Log">Change Log</a> in <cite class="cite">The GNU Emacs Manual</cite>). Please follow the existing coding style. </p> <hr> </div> <div class="appendix-level-extent" id="GNU-Free-Documentation-License"> <div class="nav-panel"> <p> Next: <a href="#Concept-index" accesskey="n" rel="next">Concept index</a>, Previous: <a href="#Reporting-bugs" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Reporting bugs</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Time</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <h2 class="appendix" id="GNU-Free-Documentation-License-1"><span>Appendix A GNU Free Documentation License<a class="copiable-link" href="#GNU-Free-Documentation-License-1"> ¶</a></span></h2> <div class="center">Version 1.3, 3 November 2008 </div> <div class="display"> <pre class="display-preformatted">Copyright © 2000, 2001, 2002, 2007, 2008 Free Software Foundation, Inc. <a class="uref" href="https://fsf.org/">https://fsf.org/</a> Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies of this license document, but changing it is not allowed. </pre></div> <ol class="enumerate" start="0"> <li> PREAMBLE <p>The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other functional and useful document <em class="dfn">free</em> in the sense of freedom: to assure everyone the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it, with or without modifying it, either commercially or noncommercially. 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If your rights have been terminated and not permanently reinstated, receipt of a copy of some or all of the same material does not give you any rights to use it. </p> </li><li> FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE <p>The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions of the GNU Free Documentation License from time to time. Such new versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to address new problems or concerns. See <a class="uref" href="https://www.gnu.org/copyleft/">https://www.gnu.org/copyleft/</a>. </p> <p>Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version number. If the Document specifies that a particular numbered version of this License “or any later version” applies to it, you have the option of following the terms and conditions either of that specified version or of any later version that has been published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation. If the Document does not specify a version number of this License, you may choose any version ever published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation. If the Document specifies that a proxy can decide which future versions of this License can be used, that proxy’s public statement of acceptance of a version permanently authorizes you to choose that version for the Document. </p> </li><li> RELICENSING <p>“Massive Multiauthor Collaboration Site” (or “MMC Site”) means any World Wide Web server that publishes copyrightable works and also provides prominent facilities for anybody to edit those works. A public wiki that anybody can edit is an example of such a server. A “Massive Multiauthor Collaboration” (or “MMC”) contained in the site means any set of copyrightable works thus published on the MMC site. </p> <p>“CC-BY-SA” means the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 license published by Creative Commons Corporation, a not-for-profit corporation with a principal place of business in San Francisco, California, as well as future copyleft versions of that license published by that same organization. </p> <p>“Incorporate” means to publish or republish a Document, in whole or in part, as part of another Document. </p> <p>An MMC is “eligible for relicensing” if it is licensed under this License, and if all works that were first published under this License somewhere other than this MMC, and subsequently incorporated in whole or in part into the MMC, (1) had no cover texts or invariant sections, and (2) were thus incorporated prior to November 1, 2008. </p> <p>The operator of an MMC Site may republish an MMC contained in the site under CC-BY-SA on the same site at any time before August 1, 2009, provided the MMC is eligible for relicensing. </p> </li></ol> <h3 class="heading" id="ADDENDUM_003a-How-to-use-this-License-for-your-documents"><span>ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents<a class="copiable-link" href="#ADDENDUM_003a-How-to-use-this-License-for-your-documents"> ¶</a></span></h3> <p>To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of the License in the document and put the following copyright and license notices just after the title page: </p> <div class="example smallexample"> <div class="group"><pre class="example-preformatted"> Copyright (C) <var class="var">year</var> <var class="var">your name</var>. Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled ``GNU Free Documentation License''. </pre></div></div> <p>If you have Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts and Back-Cover Texts, replace the “with…Texts.” line with this: </p> <div class="example smallexample"> <div class="group"><pre class="example-preformatted"> with the Invariant Sections being <var class="var">list their titles</var>, with the Front-Cover Texts being <var class="var">list</var>, and with the Back-Cover Texts being <var class="var">list</var>. </pre></div></div> <p>If you have Invariant Sections without Cover Texts, or some other combination of the three, merge those two alternatives to suit the situation. </p> <p>If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of free software license, such as the GNU General Public License, to permit their use in free software. </p> <hr> </div> <div class="unnumbered-level-extent" id="Concept-index"> <div class="nav-panel"> <p> Previous: <a href="#GNU-Free-Documentation-License" accesskey="p" rel="prev">GNU Free Documentation License</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Time</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <h2 class="unnumbered" id="Concept-index-1"><span>Concept index<a class="copiable-link" href="#Concept-index-1"> ¶</a></span></h2> <div class="printindex cp-printindex"> <table class="cp-letters-header-printindex"><tr><th>Jump to: </th><td><a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Concept-index_cp_letter-B"><b>B</b></a> <a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Concept-index_cp_letter-C"><b>C</b></a> <a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Concept-index_cp_letter-F"><b>F</b></a> <a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Concept-index_cp_letter-P"><b>P</b></a> <a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Concept-index_cp_letter-R"><b>R</b></a> <a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Concept-index_cp_letter-V"><b>V</b></a> </td></tr></table> <table class="cp-entries-printindex" border="0"> <tr><td></td><th class="entries-header-printindex">Index Entry</th><th class="sections-header-printindex">Section</th></tr> <tr><td colspan="3"><hr></td></tr> <tr><th id="Concept-index_cp_letter-B">B</th></tr> <tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-bug-reporting">bug reporting</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Reporting-bugs">Reporting bugs</a></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="3"><hr></td></tr> <tr><th id="Concept-index_cp_letter-C">C</th></tr> <tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-checklist-for-bug-reports">checklist for bug reports</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Reporting-bugs">Reporting bugs</a></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="3"><hr></td></tr> <tr><th id="Concept-index_cp_letter-F">F</th></tr> <tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-format">format</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Setting-Format">Setting Format</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-format-1">format</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Format-String">Format String</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-format-2">format</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Invoking-time">Invoking time</a></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="3"><hr></td></tr> <tr><th id="Concept-index_cp_letter-P">P</th></tr> <tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-patches_002c-contributing">patches, contributing</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Reporting-bugs">Reporting bugs</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-problems">problems</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Reporting-bugs">Reporting bugs</a></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="3"><hr></td></tr> <tr><th id="Concept-index_cp_letter-R">R</th></tr> <tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-reporting-bugs">reporting bugs</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Reporting-bugs">Reporting bugs</a></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="3"><hr></td></tr> <tr><th id="Concept-index_cp_letter-V">V</th></tr> <tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-version-number">version number</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Invoking-time">Invoking time</a></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="3"><hr></td></tr> </table> <table class="cp-letters-footer-printindex"><tr><th>Jump to: </th><td><a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Concept-index_cp_letter-B"><b>B</b></a> <a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Concept-index_cp_letter-C"><b>C</b></a> <a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Concept-index_cp_letter-F"><b>F</b></a> <a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Concept-index_cp_letter-P"><b>P</b></a> <a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Concept-index_cp_letter-R"><b>R</b></a> <a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Concept-index_cp_letter-V"><b>V</b></a> </td></tr></table> </div> </div> </div> </body> </html>
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